Block copolymer and method for preparing the same

ABSTRACT

A block copolymer and a method for preparing the same are disclosed. The method comprises the following steps: (A) mixing a compound of formula (I), a catalyst of formula (II), and a first solvent to obtain a first mixture; (B) adding a first monomer into the first mixture for reaction to obtain a second mixture; and (C) adding a second monomer into the second mixture for reaction to obtain a third mixture; wherein the compound of formula (I) and the catalyst of formula (II) are as defined in the specification.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefits of the Taiwan Patent Application Serial Number 107133172, filed on Sep. 20, 2018, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a block copolymer and a method for preparing the same and, more particularly, to a triblock copolymer and a method for synthesizing a block copolymer by using an oxometallic complex as a catalyst.

2. Description of Related Art

Pigments are widely used in inks and paints because they have good stability to light, heat, water, etc., as compared to dyes. However, pigments are solid particles which are insoluble in water, so aggregation and uneven dispersion are likely to occur during preparation, use, or preservation, which accordingly affects the pigment quality. Therefore, the dispersibility of the pigments is one of the key factors affecting the quality.

Dispersants are often used as necessary additives and have the advantages of promoting dispersion of pigment particles and improving stability. However, conventional small molecule dispersants have poor stability and poor dispersion effect, and have gradually been replaced by polymer dispersants, among which block type polymer dispersants have received particular attention. In general, the synthesis of catalytic block copolymer mostly requires the use of 1 to 2 equivalents of the catalyst for reaction, which is low in reaction efficiency and high in cost.

Therefore, it is still necessary to continuously study the block copolymer for providing industrial utilization, and develop a new preparation method to simplify the process or reduce the cost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above, the present disclosure provides a block copolymer and a method for preparing the block copolymer, which utilizes an oxometallic complex as a catalyst to catalyze the synthesis of the block copolymer and only needs to use a catalytic amount of catalyst for reaction, thereby reducing the cost. In addition, the oxometallic complex is biochemically absorbable and metabolizable, and thus can reduce the environmental burden.

The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a block copolymer.

The method comprises the following steps: (A) mixing a compound of formula (I), a catalyst of formula (II), and a first solvent to obtain a first mixture; (B) adding a first monomer into the first mixture for reaction to obtain a second mixture; and (C) adding a second monomer into the second mixture for reaction to obtain a third mixture.

Further, the present disclosure also provides a block copolymer having a structure of formula (V) below:

[D]_(x)-[E]_(y)-[F]_(z)  (V)

wherein D, E, and F are each independently a compound of formula (VI), and D, E, and F are different from each other; and x, y, and z are each independently an integer from 1 to 40; wherein the compound of formula (VI) is shown below:

wherein A₂ is O, or S; R₇ is H, or a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R₈ is a C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂, CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(s)CH₂OR₁₃, wherein R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are each independently a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q, r, and s are each independently an integer from 1 to 10.

In the present disclosure, the compound of formula (I) is used as a starting material for synthesizing the block copolymer, wherein the compound of formula (I) is as follows:

wherein A₁ is a bond, O, or S; and R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each independently H, a C₁₋₆ alkyl, —COOR₄, or —CH₂P(═O)R₅R₆; or R₁ and R₂ are bonded to each other to form a C₄₋₈ cycloalkyl group or a C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl group; or R₂ and R₃ are bonded to each other to form a C₅₋₈ cycloalkyl group; wherein R₄, R₅, and R₆ are each independently a C₁₋₆ alkyl, a C₁₋₆ alkoxyl, —OTMS, or an amino group substituted by a C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, it is optional for the compound of formula (I) that A₁ is O and R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each independently H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

In the present disclosure, the catalyst used in the method for preparing a block copolymer is shown as the following formula (II):

[M(O)_(a)]^(m+)X_(b) ^(n−)  (II)

wherein M is an element of group IB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIIIB elements; X is Cl, Br, I, OH, OAc, OC(O)Ar, OC(O)(CF₂)_(c)CF₃, OC(O)C₁₂H₂₅, [(OSO₂C₆H₄—CHCH₂)_(n)], OTf, OTs, SO₄, SO₃C₁₂H₂₅, acetylacetonate (acac), or a mixture thereof; a is an integer from 0 to 3; b is an integer from 1 to 4; in is an integer from 2 to 4; n is an integer from 1 to 2; and c is an integer from 1 to 6; wherein Ar is a C₆₋₂₀ aryl, and [(OSO₂C₆H₄—CHCH₂)_(n)] has a structure of

For the catalyst of formula (II) in the present disclosure, a may be 0, and M is Ti(IV), Zr(IV), Hf(IV), V(III), Fe(II/III), Cu(I/II), Mn(II/III), Co(II), or Ni(II).

For the catalyst of formula (II) in the present disclosure, M(O)_(a) may be BiO, VO, VO₃, ZrO, HfO, WO₂, MoO₂, CrO₂, or ReO₃.

Among the catalyst of formula (II) in the present disclosure, Hf(O)Cl₂, V(O)Cl₂, V(O)[(O₃SC₆H₄CHCH₂)_(n)]₂, V(O)Cl₃, V(O)(OTf)₂, V(O)(OCOR)₂, MoO₂Cl₂, Mn(O)(OCOR), FeCl₃, Zr(O)Cl₂, Zr(OAc)_(x)(OH)_(y)(x+y=4), Ti(O)(acac)₂, V(O)SO₄, V(O)(acac)₂, MoO₂(acac)₂, Mn(II)SO₄, and FeSO₄ are included, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the catalysts may be used singly or in combination thereof, wherein R is a C₆₋₂₀ aryl.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the content of the catalyst is not particularly limited as long as the synthesis of the block copolymer can be catalyzed. Preferably, the catalyst is present in an amount of from 0.1% to 20% by weight based on a total weight of the first mixture, for example from 0.1% to 15% by weight, from 0.1% to 10% by weight, or from 0.1% to 5% by weight, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, after the third mixture is obtained in step (C), the third monomer is further added into the third mixture to obtain a fourth mixture.

In the present disclosure, the first monomer, the second monomer, and the third monomer are each independently an acrylate compound or a diacrylate compound.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the acrylate compound may be a compound of formula (III) below:

wherein A₂ is O or S; R₇ is H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R₈ is a C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂, CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(s)CH₂OR₁₃; wherein R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are each independently a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q, r, and s are each independently an integer from 1 to 10.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, it is optional for the compound of formula (III) that A₂ is O; R₇ is H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R₈ is a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂, CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(s)CH₂OR₁₃; wherein R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are each independently a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q, r, and s are each independently an integer from 1 to 6.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the diacrylate compound may be a compound of formula (IV) below:

wherein Y is O, NH, or S; R₉ is H, or a C₁₋₆ alkyl; R₁₀ is a C₁₋₆ alkyl, or a C₆₋₂₀ aryl; and p is an integer from 1 to 12.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, it is optional for the compound of formula (IV) that Y is O or NH; R₉ is H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl; R₁₀ is a C₁₋₆ alkyl or a C₆₋₂₀ aryl; and p is an integer from 1 to 8.

In the method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure, after step (C), a step (D) of adding the third mixture into a second solvent may be further included. The second solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can induce the product to precipitate. For example, the second solvent may be water, an alcohol, a C₅₋₁₀ alkane, or a mixture thereof. In particular, the alcohol comprises methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, n-pentanol, isopentanol, 2-methyl butanol, sec-amyl alcohol, or a mixture thereof, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. The C₅₋₁₀ alkane comprises pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, or a mixture thereof, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

In the method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, after step (C), a step (E) of adding the fourth mixture into a second solvent may be further included. The second solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can induce the product to precipitate. The second solvent is water, an alcohol, a C₅₋₁₀ alkane, or a mixture thereof. In particular, the alcohol comprises methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, n-pentanol, isopentanol, 2-methyl butanol, sec-amyl alcohol, or a mixture thereof, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. The C₅₋₁₀ alkane comprises pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, or a mixture thereof, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can serve as a solvent for the reaction. Preferably, the first solvent is an ether solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran or ethyl ether, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, it is optional for the structure of formula (V) that x, y, and z are each independently an integer from 1 to 20. For example, x, y, and z are each independently an integer from 1 to 15, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, it is optional for the compound of formula (VI) that A₂ is O; R₇ is H or a C₁₋₃ alkyl; and R₈ is a C₁₋₈ alkyl, (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂, CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(s)CH₂OR₁₃, wherein R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are each independently a C₁₋₃ alkyl; and q, r, and s are each independently an integer from 1 to 6.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the block copolymer comprises an end group represented by formula (VII) below:

wherein R₁ is a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R₂ and R₃ are each independently H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In one embodiment of the block copolymer of the present disclosure, at least one of D, E, and F is a compound of formula (VIII) below:

wherein R₇ is H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R₈ is (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂ or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, wherein R₁₁ and R₁₂ are each independently a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q and r are each independently an integer from 1 to 10.

In one embodiment of the block copolymer of the present disclosure, it is optional for the compound of formula (VIII) that R₇ is H or a C₁₋₃ alkyl; and R₈ is (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂ or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, wherein R₁₁ and R₁₂ are each independently a C₁₋₃ alkyl; and q and r are each independently an integer from 1 to 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The detailed description of the present disclosure is described below by way of specific embodiments, and those skilled in the art can readily appreciate the other advantages and efficacies of the present disclosure from the specification. The present disclosure may also be implemented or applied by other different embodiments. The details of the specification may also be applied to various aspects and applications, and various modifications and variations may be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

Synthesis of the Catalyst

In the present embodiment, the catalyst can be synthesized according to the following reaction formulae.

V(O)SO₄(aq)+BaX₂(aq)→V(O)X₂(aq)+BaSO₄(s)

V(O)SO₄(aq)+Ba(OC(O)R)₂(aq)→V(O)(OC(O)R)₂(aq)+BaSO₄(s)

V(O)SO₄(aq)+Ba(OTf)₂(aq)→V(O)(OTf)₂(aq)+BaSO₄(s)

V(O)SO₄(aq)+Ba(OTs)₂(aq)→V(O)(OTs)₂(aq)+BaSO₄(s)

V(O)SO₄(aq)+Ba[(O₃SC₆H₄CHCH₂)₁₁]₂(aq)→V(O)[(O₃SC₆H₄CHCH₂)_(n)]₂(aq)+BaSO₄(s)

Vanadium sulphate (VOSO₄-5H₂O, 2.5 mmol) was placed in a dry double-necked round bottom flask (50 mL), followed by anhydrous methanol (2.5 mL) To the resulting solution, a solution of BaX₂ (1 equivalent, 2.5 mmol) (for example, Ba(OAc)₂, BaOTs₂, BaOTf₂, or Ba[(O₃SC₆H₄CHCH₂)_(n)]₂) in methanol (2.5 mL) was slowly added at room temperature. After stirring for 30 minutes, the reaction mixture is cloudy and is accompanied by a large amount of barium sulfate precipitation. The mixture was filtered through a plug of celite, and the obtained filtrate was evaporated to give a dark blue solid. The resulting solid was dried under vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours. The product obtained can be stored in a dry box for several weeks and can be used directly.

Synthesis of Block Copolymer Example 1

To a round bottom flask (100 mL) containing the benzoic acid oxovanadium catalyst (2.5 mg), 1-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(trimethylsilyloxy)propene (MTS, 0.20 mL, 0.99 mmol) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was added. The round bottom flask was previously sealed with a membrane and purged with argon gas. Then, butyl methacrylate (BuMA, 2.2 mL, 11.2 mmol) was injected, and the temperature was raised from 20° C. to 33° C. After 30 minutes, the exothermic reaction was weak, and two 0.1 mL aliquots of the reaction solution were extracted and analyzed by GPC and ¹H NMR, respectively. Afterwards, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA, 2.65 mL, 15.7 mmol) was added and the temperature was observed to rise from 22° C. to 34° C. The crude product was poured into hexane to induce precipitation, and the purified copolymer was filtered to remove small molecule impurities, obtaining a final product.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.88 (br, 55H), 0.94 (br, 56H), 1.04 (br, 39H), 1.40 (br, 40H), 1.61 (br, 35H), 1.81-1.90 (br, 82H), 2.28 (br, 107H), 2.56 (br, 36H), 3.94 (br, 33H), 4.06 (br, 35H).

Mn=4104 (THF); Mw=4785; PDI=1.17.

Example 2

To a round bottom flask (100 mL) containing the benzoic acid oxovanadium catalyst (2.5 mg), 1-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(trimethylsilyloxy)propene (MTS, 0.20 mL, 0.99 mmol) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was added. The round bottom flask was previously sealed with a membrane and purged with argon gas. Then, hexyl methacrylate (HexMA, 2.2 mL, 11.2 mmol) was injected, and the temperature was raised from 20° C. to 33° C. After 30 minutes, the exothermic reaction was weak, and two 0.1 mL aliquots of the reaction solution were extracted and analyzed by GPC and ¹H NMR, respectively. Afterwards, PEGMA (0.095 mL (a 50 vol % solution), 2.1 mmol, MW=500) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran was added and the temperature was raised from 25° C. to 27° C. Next, two 0.1 mL aliquots were extracted and analyzed by GPC and ¹H NMR, respectively. Afterwards, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA, 2.65 mL, 15.7 mmol) was added and the temperature was observed to rise from 22° C. to 34° C. The crude product was poured into hexane to induce precipitation, and the purified copolymer was filtered to remove small molecule impurities, obtaining a final product.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.90 (br, 50H), 1.00 (br, 21H), 1.32 (br, 46H), 1.61-1.68 (br, 23H), 1.81-1.98 (br, 31H), 2.28 (br, 58H), 2.56 (br, 19H), 3.38 (br, 3H), 3.55 (br, 3H), 3.64 (br, 18H), 3.92 (br, 14H), 4.06 (br, 21H).

Mn=6249 (THF); Mw=7811; PDI=1.25.

Example 3

To a round bottom flask (100 mL) containing the benzoic acid oxovanadium catalyst (2.5 mg), 1-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(trimethylsilyloxy)propene (MT S, 0.20 mL, 0.99 mmol) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was added. The round bottom flask was previously sealed with a membrane and purged with argon gas. Then, a diacrylate compound (6.0 mL (a 33.3 vol % solution), 2.9 mmol) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran was added and the temperature was raised from 25° C. to 27° C. Next, two 0.1 mL aliquots were extracted and analyzed by GPC and ¹H NMR, respectively. Afterwards, hexyl methacrylate (HexMA, 1.0 mL, 5.9 mmol) was injected, and the temperature was raised from 20° C. to 33° C. After 30 minutes, the exothermic reaction was weak, and two 0.1 mL aliquots of the reaction solution were extracted and analyzed by GPC and ¹H NMR, respectively. The crude product was poured into hexane to induce precipitation, and the purified copolymer was filtered to remove small molecule impurities, obtaining a final product.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.99-1.18 (br, 10H), 1.32-1.35 (br, 7H), 1.62 (s, 8H), 1.95 (br, 3H), 3.64-3.71 (br, 17H), 3.83 (s, 2H), 3.95 (s, 2H), 6.79 (br, 2H), 7.11 (br, 2H).

Mn=6249 (THF); Mw=7811; PDI=1.25.

Dispersion Effect Test

The copolymer of Example 3 (1 g) and the commercially available dispersant (1 g) were dissolved in 1 mL of tetrahydrofuran, into which 135 uL of yellow pigment (from a solution of 500 mg yellow pigment in 3 mL of tetrahydrofuran) was added, followed by grinding and stirring for 30 seconds. The dispersion of the yellow pigment was observed and shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Dispersion effect Particle suspension Copolymer of Excellent No particle suspension or uneven Example 2 dispersion Copolymer of Excellent No particle suspension or uneven Example 3 dispersion Commercially Good Significant particle suspension available dispersant

The above specific embodiments are to be construed as illustrative only and do not limit the remainder of this disclosure in any way.

Although the present invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for preparing a block copolymer, comprising: (A) mixing a compound of formula (I), a catalyst of formula (II), and a first solvent to obtain a first mixture:

wherein A₁ is a bond, O, or S; and R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each independently H, a C₁₋₆ alkyl, —COOR₄, or —CH₂P(═O)R₅R₆; or R₁ and R₂ are bonded to each other to form a C₄₋₈ cycloalkyl group or a C₃₋₇ heterocycloalkyl group; or R₂ and R₃ are bonded to each other to form a C₅₋₈ cycloalkyl group; wherein R₄, R₅, and R₆ are each independently a C₁₋₆ alkyl, a C₁₋₆ alkoxyl, —OTMS, or an amino group substituted by a C₁₋₆ alkyl; [M(O)_(a)]^(m+)+X_(b) ^(n−)  (II) wherein M is an element of group IB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIIIB elements; X is Cl, Br, I, OAc, OC(O)Ar, OC(O)(CF₂)_(c)CF₃, OC(O)C₁₂H₂₅, [(OSO₂C₆H₄—CHCH₂)_(n)], OTf, OTs, SO₄, SO₃C₁₂H₂₅, acetylacetonate (acac), or a mixture thereof; a is an integer from 0 to 3; b is an integer from 1 to 4; in is an integer from 2 to 4; n is an integer from 1 to 2; c is an integer from 1 to 6; and Ar is a C₆₋₂₀ aryl; (B) adding a first monomer into the first mixture for reaction to obtain a second mixture; and (C) adding a second monomer into the second mixture for reaction to obtain a third mixture.
 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of (D) adding the third mixture into a second solvent.
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second solvent is water, an alcohol, a C₅₋₁₀ alkane, or a mixture thereof.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein a is zero, and M is Ti(IV), Zr(IV), Hf(IV), V(III), Fe(II/III), Cu(I/II), Mn(II/III), Co(II), or Ni(II).
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein M(O)_(a) is VO, VO₃, ZrO, HfO, WO₂, MoO₂, CrO₂, or ReO₃.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first monomer and the second monomer are each independently an acrylate compound or a diacrylate compound.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the acrylate compound is a compound of formula (III) below:

wherein A₂ is O or S; R₇ is H, or a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R₈ is a C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂, CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(s)CH₂OR₁₃; wherein R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are each independently a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q, r, and s are each independently an integer from 1 to
 10. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the diacrylate compound is a compound of formula (IV) below:

wherein Y is O, NH, or S; R₉ is H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl; R₁₀ is a C₁₋₆ alkyl or a C₆₋₂₀ aryl; and p is an integer from 1 to
 12. 9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising adding a third monomer into the third mixture for reaction to obtain a fourth mixture after obtaining the third mixture in step (C).
 10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising a step of (E) adding the fourth mixture into a second solvent.
 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the second solvent is water, an alcohol, a C₅₋₁₀ alkane, or a mixture thereof.
 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the first monomer, the second monomer, and the third monomer are each independently an acrylate compound, or a diacrylate compound.
 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first solvent is an ether solvent.
 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst is present in an amount of 0.1 wt % to 20 wt %, based on a total weight of the first mixture.
 15. A block copolymer, having a structure of formula (V) below: [D]_(x)-[E]_(y)-[F]_(z)  (V) wherein D, E, and F are each independently a compound of formula (VI) below, and D, E, and F are different from each other; and x, y, and z are each independently an integer from 1 to 40;

wherein A₂ is O or S; R₇ is H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R₈ is a C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂, CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(s)CH₂OR₁₃, wherein R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are each independently a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q, r, and s are each independently an integer from 1 to
 10. 16. The block copolymer according to claim 15, wherein x, y, and z are each independently an integer from 1 to 20; A₂ is O; R₇ is H or a C₁₋₃ alkyl; and R₈ is a C₁₋₈ alkyl, (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂, CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(s)CH₂OR₁₃, wherein R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are each independently a C₁₋₃ alkyl; and q, r, and s are each independently an integer from 1 to
 6. 17. The block copolymer according to claim 15, comprising an end group represented by formula (VII) below:

wherein R₁ is a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R₂ and R₃ are each independently H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 18. The block copolymer according to claim 15, wherein at least one of D, E, and F is a compound of formula (VIII) below:

wherein R₇ is H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R₈ is (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂ or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, wherein R₁₁ and R₁₂ are each independently a C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q and r are each independently an integer from 1 to
 10. 19. The block copolymer according to claim 18, wherein R₇ is H or a C₁₋₃ alkyl; and R₈ is (CH₂)_(q)N(R₁₁)₂ or CH₂(CH₂OCH₂)_(r)CH₂N(R₁₂)₂, wherein R₁₁ and R₁₂ are each independently a C₁₋₃ alkyl; and q and r are each independently an integer from 1 to
 6. 